2019年考研英语(一)阅读真题祥解text1——出题思路(2019年考研英语二真题答案解析)




2019年考研英语(一)阅读真题祥解text1——出题思路
text1选自2015年6月24日的 the christian science monitor(《基督教科学箴言报》),原文标为“ patience?as a corporate virtue”(《耐心是公司的美德》)。本文是商业经济类文本,文章围绕英国对银行高管推行的新规定展开论述,指出“短期效益主义”对企业的不利影响,强调了“长期效益主义”的重要性。
当你开始做一个阅读题时,你做的第一件是数数文章总共有几段,段落太多时,标记一下,你试试在十五分钟左右的时间内完成5道题,如果没有针对性地去阅读,怕时间不够用,得分不理想。还好,一般在题干中已显示文章的中心和结构,所有的答案都是围绕中心而设定,因此我们围绕中心做题,定能达到事办功倍的效果。
常言说:会说的不如会听的,出题老师的言外之意是什么?题干包含文章的主要信息,反复出现的是重点。
有时候在题干中能猜出中心;比如本文“23.it is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies?can be”中“the influence of transient investment on public companies”“短期投资对上市公司的影响”是本文的中心话题。退一步讲,transient不认识,我也不认识,去文中找,因是第三题,可能在第三段,或三段以后,从第三段找。the average time for holding a stock in both the united states and britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. transient investors,在美国和英国,平均持股时间从7年缩短到了7个月,?????的投资,我不说,你一定说短期的投资。出题老师不会一棍子打死,他很仁义。
中心80%在前两段找到,大多在第一段,有的在第一段末,第二段的第一句;有时候并不开门见山,可能抛砖引玉,甚至在最后一段,对全文的总结中出现。
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一、听懂人话(看看题干,审题,特别是最后一题,是不中心主旨题,看老师问了你什么?文章的中心是什么,结构是什么?)
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21.??according to paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to____.(细节,表示原因,为主旨服务)
motive [?m??t?v] 动机,(推动人从事某种行为的念头),同义词: intention意图;purpose意图,计划,meaning含义; 意图
motivation[?m??t??ve??n]动力,积极性。
impose?sth (on/upon sth/sb)强制施(对)
22.?alfred marshall is quoted to indicate____.(例证,是为主旨服务的,至少是本段的主旨)
23.?it is argued that the influence of?transient?investment?on public companies can be____(推理,是为主旨服务的)
influence of a on b ?a对b的影响
① the us and france examples?are used to illustrate____.(例证;23说的是短期的,24应是长期的?为主旨服务)
to show,to illustrate ,to indicate表示例证。例子本身不重要,例子前后表达的观点重要。
be used to习惯于,适用于;
由23题可知,实施新规定的动机之一是援引阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔的话是为了说明文章认为.短期投资对上市公司的影响可能是举美国和法国的例子是为了说明什么?
?transient [?tr?nzi?nt]adj.短暂的; 转瞬即逝的(trans转移+i+ent……的)(光阴似箭,岁月如梭)
25.?which of the following would be the best title for the text?下列哪一项是文章的最佳标题?
a.?failure of quarterly capitalism
b.?patience as a corporate virtue
c.?decisiveness required of top executives
d.?frustration of risk-taking bankers
本文的题干给的信息非常有限,23题有the influence of transient investment,文章可能是讲的长期投资和短期投资这件事上,b.?patience as a corporate virtue;patience 是与长期投资相关,且说长期投资是一种美德。23是不好的,答案是b.?adverse。24是好的,答案是c.?the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.这同2021年的真题text2,text4模版一样,都是先说坏的,然后说好的。25题的答案更是一目了然。
粗略地对答案进行了定性,回归原文,确定答案。
二、跟着老大(中心),顺藤摸瓜——逐一回原文中定位,确定答案。不是特别不把握,不必分析错误答案,它可提高准确率,同时也可把你回去,要相信第一感觉。
21.?according to paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is?to____.由第一段可知,实施新规定的动机之一是(这个题干告诉我们强制实施一个新规则)
a.?enhance banker’s sense of responsibility增强银行家的责任意识
b.?help corporations achieve larger profits 助企业获得更高的利润
c.?build a new system of financial regulation建立一种新型金融监管系统
d.?guarantee the bonuses of top executives保证高管人员的奖金
出题人的思路:题干中 motive和 the new rule分别与该句中的 purpose和this“ clawback”rule相对应。该句提到,该项“收回”规定的主要目的是让银行家们对有害风险行为负责,并恢复公

众对金融机构的信任。可见,实施新规定的动机之一是为了增强银行家的责任意识,enhance banker’s sense of responsibility是对?accountable for harmful risk-taking的同意转述故a选项正确。
经验积累:1、题干中用motive与原文中purpose进行了同意替换。purpose的同意词还有intention。
2、responsibility与accountability互换。liability 与hold?sb. responsible for(对...负责)进行了同意替换.
① enhance, heighten, intensify, aggravate reinforce ,boost 这些动词均有之意。
文章的第一段,每段的首句,必须看,不管是否涉及所提的问题!!!
financial regulations in britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation?for wrongdoing. the main purpose of this “clawback” rule?is to?hold?bankers?accountable for?harmful risk-taking?and to restore public trust in financial institution.?yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.
英国金融监管机构对大型银行的高管们实施了一项非同寻常的规定。从明年开始,如果其所在银行因不当行为受到调查,任何保证给高管人员的奖金都有可能延迟10年发放。(21)该项“收回”规定的主要目的是让银行家们对有害风险行为负责,并恢复公众对金融机构的信任。然而,政府官员还期待着更大的成效:不仅仅是银行,所有的公司都要做出更多长远的决策,为子孙后代建设一个更强大的经济体.
词组:
impose...on施加....在
?
accountable(to sb) /(for sth)负有责任
hold?sb. accountable?/liable / responsible for sth./doing对...负责
eg.someone must be held accountable for the killings.
必须有人要对这些凶杀事件负责。
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liability [?la???b?l?ti]责任
responsibility[r??sp?ns??b?l?ti]n.责任,义务
trust in相信,信任;
?
key words:
regulation [?regju?le??n] n.管理; 控制; 规章;(regul;-ate+ion)
motive [?m??t?v] 动机,主旨;
emotion [??m???n] n.情感,感情; 情绪(e-=ex-=out)(移动出去的东西)
purpose[?p?:p?s]n.意志;目的
promote[pr??m??t] vt. ?促进,推进;(pro=forword. mot=move)
remove [r??mu:v] vt.开除; 去除; 脱掉(re=back, mot=move)
guarantee [?ɡ?r?n?ti?]v.担保;
pledge [pled?] n.保证,誓言;(leg=law)(正式用词)
prosecute ?[?pr?s?kju:t] v.控告; 起诉;(pro=before; secut=follow,)事先进行。
execute [?eks?kju:t] vt.执行; 处死(拉出去枪毙)(ex=out, xecut=follow)(音同意近,x后的发[s]与ecut构成了secut=follow)
chief executive officer 执行总裁; 首席执行官;
executive [?g?zekj?t?v] n.总经理; adj.执行的
investigation [?n?vest??ɡe??n]n.调查; 学术研究(官方的,全方位的)
survey[?s??ve?]调查,勘测,进行民意测验(某一项的)
restore ?使恢复; 修复
recovery恢复; 改善; 失而复得
22.?alfred marshall is quoted to indicate____.()援引阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔的话是为了说明???a.?the conditions for generating quick profits产生快速利润的条件
b.?governments’ impatience in decision-making政府做决策时的急躁
c.?the solid structure of publicly traded companies上市公司的稳固结构
d.?“short-termism” in economics activities经济活动中的“短期效益”
这是例证题。本段的主旨是“short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies,has worsened in publicly traded companie,是纲,后面引用的无非是为本段老大背书的,是目,纲举目张。援引阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔的话是为了说明老大说的好,是掌声而已。有许多人说这是细节:?1、从本句找,2、从前一句找,3、从主旨找,找来拭去考试结束了。只需跟着老大(中心),顺藤摸瓜。换言之,精读第一句,泛读后一句,尽管定位点在后一句。用中心论的思维来思考。
读文章时绝对不能跳段,特别是段首句。
“short-termism”?or the desire for?quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies,?says the bank of england’s top economist. andrew haldane. he quotes a giant of classical economies, alfred marshall, in describing this financial impatience?as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
or (用于引出解释性词语)或者,引导同位语。
(22)英格兰银行首席经济学家安德鲁·霍尔丹表示,“短期效益”:对快速获
利的渴求在上市公司中依然恶化。他引用古典经济学巨匠阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔的话,将
这种金融上的急躁表现描述为就像“孩子们把李子从布丁里挑出来立即吃掉”一样,而
不是把它们放在一边最后再吃。
desire for渴望;
impatience[?mpati =feeling,)
23.?it is argued that the influence?of transient investment on public companies can be____.文章认为,短期投资对上市公司的影响可能是
a.?indirect间接的??b.?adverse不利的??c.?minimal极小的??d.?temporary暂时的
influence?(on/upon sb/sth)
the average time for holding a stock in both the united states and britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. transient investors,?who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder?a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term?research or to?build up?customer loyalty. this has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”.
他(霍尔丹)指出,近几十年来,在美国和英国,平均持股时间从7年缩短到了7个月。(23)那些要求从公司获得高额季度利润的短期投资者,会妨碍公司为投资长期研究或建立顾客忠诚度而做的努力。这已被戏称为“季度资本主义”。
?build up逐步建立; 增进;
effort?[?ef?t]n.努力;
?effort to do sth (an attempt to do sth especially when it is difficult to do) 艰难的尝试;cháng
block, bar, hinder, obstruct, prevent, hamper阻碍
hinder [?h?nd?(r)] vt.& vi.阻碍,妨碍(贬义)
in addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. “there seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said commissioner daniel gallagher of the us securities and exchange commission in speech this week.
此外,新的数字技术使股票交易更迅速信息使用更快捷,从而缩短了对金融市场的关注时长。美国证券交易委员会委员丹尼尔·加拉格尔在本周的一次发言中表示:“以牺牲长期投资为代价的短期思维似乎占据了主导地位。”
predominance[pr??d?m?n?ns]n.优势; 主导或支配的地位(pre=before;dom=house,)
in addition除此之外,另外,而且
in addition?to除…以外
in the us, the sarbanes-oxley act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” in its latest survey of ceo pay, the wall street journal finds that “ a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.
在美国,2002年出台的《萨班斯一奥克斯利法案》已使大多数上市公司将高管人员的绩效奖金推迟了大约一年发放,这对削减短期效益主义”起到了些许作用。《华尔街日报》在ceo薪酬情况的最新调查中发现,如今高管薪酬的“很大一部分”与绩效挂钩。
24.??the us and france examples?are used to illustrate____.举美国和法国的例子是为了说明?
a.??the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.预防“短期效益主义”所面临的障碍
??????to...的
b.?the significance of long-term thinking.长期思维的重要性
c.?the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.推行“长期效益主义”的方式
促进的同意词有:encourage,promote? sponsor? cheer? invite? inspire? urge? support?
d.?the prevalence of short-term thinking.短期思维的盛行
approach to接近;...(做某事)的方法;(ap=to;proach=near)
reproach责备,责骂;(re=back;proach=near)
promote[pr??m??t]v.促进; 促销(pro=before;mot=move)
much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. in france, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.
(24)在鼓励“长期效益主义”方面,我们能做的事情还有很多,比如修改税法和更快披露股票收购信息。在法国,持股至少两年以上的股东有时在公司可以获得更多表决权。
within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.
在公司内部,合理的薪酬设计可以激励高管即使不在工作时间也要为公司考虑,为全体股东着想。英国的新规定提醒银行家们,社会关注着他们的表现,不仅在短期绩效方面,还在长期绩效方面。
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21.?according to paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the____.
a.?enhance banker’s sense of responsibility
b.?help corporations achieve larger profits
c.?build a new system of financial regulation
d.?guarantee the bonuses of top executives
由第一段可知,实施新规定的动机之一是:
a.增强银行家的责任意识
b. 助企业获得更高的利润
c.建立一种新型金融监管系统
d.保证高管人员的奖金
?
22.?alfred marshall is quoted to indicate____.
a.?the conditions for generating quick profits
b.?governments’ impatience in decision-making
c.?the solid structure of publicly traded companies
d.?“short-termism” in economics activities
援引阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔的话是为了说明
a.产生快速利润的条件
b.政府做决策时的急躁
c.上市公司的稳固结构
d.经济活动中的“短期效益主义”
?
23.?it is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be____.
a.?indirect
b.?adverse
c.?minimal
d.?temporary
文章认为,短期投资对上市公司的影响可能是
a.间接的
b.不利的
c.极小的
d.暂时的
?
24.?the us and france examples?are used to illustrate____.
a.?the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.
b.?the significance of long-term thinking.
c.?the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.
d.?the prevalence of short-term thinking.
举美国和法国的例子是为了说明
a.预防“短期效益主义”所面临的障碍
b.长期思维的重要性
c.推行“长期效益主义”的方式
d.短期思维的盛行
?
25.?which of the following would be the best title for the text?
a.?failure of quarterly capitalism
b.?patience as a corporate virtue
c.?decisiveness required of top executives
d.?frustration of risk-taking bankers
下列哪一项是文章的最佳标题?
a.季度资本主义的失败
b.耐心是公司的美德
c.高管人员需要决断力
d.冒险银行家的挫败感
?


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